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One usage of rhythm means by it the overall shape or discourse structure of the poem-the way in which its constituent parts, both formal and conceptual, fuse together into a whole. In discussions of Whitman’s poetry, as elsewhere, the word may have many different meanings, of which two are particularly significant. 5 Gay Wilson Allen, Wilson, American Prosody, New York, Octagon (1935), 1978, chap. 8, “Walt Whitman” (.)ĥ Before entering more detailed discussion, it is necessary to specify what will be meant in this study by the word rhythm.4 Whitman’s notion of fitfulness thus suggests ways of thinking about his prosody that go beyond general statements of organic form, instead drawing closer to an account of how the rhythms of Leaves of Grass are actually experienced.

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Eliot’s analysis of free verse as advancing towards regularity, then retreating from it, or discussion by contemporary prosodists such as Derek Attridge and Richard Cureton. In suggesting that the non-metrical or free-verse poem moves between moments of strong rhythm, and moments of weak rhythm, he anticipates some of the best subsequent critical accounts of free verse: for example, T.S. Whitman suggests that we should expect to experience the rhythm of his poetry as “fitfully rising and falling” it will sometimes be more rhythmic, like the larger waves in his analogy, and sometimes less. However, it may include an important insight, which is ahead of its time. Eliot, Frank Kermode (e (.)Ĥ Whitman’s analogy between poetic rhythm and the rhythm of the sea appears at first sight merely conventional. Eliot, “Reflections on ‘Vers Libre’,” (1917), Selected Prose of T. Tip: This customary ‾ x final foot makes it possible to work backward from the last two syllables if the passage is tricky. ô-rîsOne extra bonus is that it doesn't matter whether the final syllable is long or short.What we have left is the same pattern we saw for the 3rd and 4th feet, two longs: prî-mus ab We just need one more syllable to make the 6 dactyls of a line of dactylic hexameter.iae quî and then prî becomes the long syllable in a regular dactyl:.The long, long syllable is called a spondee, so technically, you should say that a spondee can substitute for a dactyl. (Mind you, you can't use two shorts for the start of a dactyl.) Therefore, a dactyl can be long, short, short, or long, long and that's what we've got. One long syllable is the equivalent of 2 shorts. It's all long syllables: nô, Trô- iae quî prî Have no fear. No problem so far, but then look what comes next. rum-que ca-The second foot is just like the first.It looks as though the second foot is as simple as the first: The next and all succeeding feet begin with a long syllable as well.

You should put a line (|) after it to mark the foot's end. (If you aren't bolding the long syllables, you should mark the shorts, perhaps with a υ, and mark the longs with a long mark ‾ over them: ‾υυ.) This is the first foot.

Ar-ma vi-You may put short marks over the 2 short syllables.

Extra Linguistic Information: The counts as aspiration or rough breathing in Greek, rather than a consonant.

When a word ends in a vowel or a vowel followed by an m and the first letter of the next word is a vowel or the letter 'h', the syllable ending in a vowel or an 'm' elides with the next syllable, so you don't mark it separately.

Extra Linguistic Information: The consonants and are called liquids and are more sonorant (closer to vowels) than stop consonants and. When the l or r is the first consonant, it counts towards the position.

When the second consonant is an l or an r, the syllable may or may not be long by position.

For qu and sometimes gu, the u is really a glide sound rather than a vowel, but it doesn't make the q or g into a double consonant.They are the equivalent of the Greek letters Chi, Phi, and Theta. However, ch, ph, and th do not count as double consonants.Extra Linguistic Information: The 2 consonant sounds are and for X and and for Z. A syllable that ends in X or (sometimes) Z is long by position because X or (sometimes) Z counts as a double consonant.Those syllables in which the vowel is followed by two consonants (one or both of which may be in the next syllable) are long by position.

Scansion marks